"Bibliometrics", "Scientometrics", or "Informetrics", are all names for the quantitative approach to evaluating research.
Research metricians rank journals, articles, authors, and even research institutions within the realm of scholarly endeavor using a statistical approach to evidence of the attention research articles have received to calculate a (theoretically) objective impact score. The more times articles in a journal or an author's work or a university's output is cited, posted about on social media, or downloaded, the higher the score.
One of the best known examples is the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) introduced by Eugene Garfield in 1972. In his article "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation" (Science, Nov. 3, 1972, N.S. 178, no. 4060) Garfield suggested four possible ways it could be used:
Garfield, and many who followed, used the number of citations a publication received over a given period of time to calculate impact. This is called Citation Analysis. Now recognition may take many forms in addition to citations including downloads, views, social media posts, inclusion in social bookmark lists, Facebook mentions among others. Since 2010 Altmetrics, which counts those forms of recognition, has emerged as another way of quantifying research impact.
Today, in many institutions, research metrics are used by hiring committees to evaluate applicants for faculty positions, by tenure review committees to evaluate candidates for academic promotion, and by librarians in deciding which journal subscriptions to maintain.
